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Opiates
1. Opiates are made from the opium poppy. opiates are derived from the poppy plantOther similar drugs are made by chemists and are often called opioids. The most common opiates or opioids include heroin, morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and methadone. They are discussed below. 2. These drugs are a medical necessity for the relief of pain. Except for heroin, they are legal by prescription. Only about 1% of people who use them for pain become addicted. People who use them to “get high” are more likely to develop problems. 3. Heroin is made from morphine which is from the opium poppy. It is illegal in the U.S. 4. Heroin is a street drug in the US and is never pure. It is mixed with other substances and usually contaminated. The needles used to inject it are often contaminated, also. 5. Morphine comes from the opium poppy and is well known to relieve pain. It can be taken by mouth or injected and can be abused. It is short acting, but there is a long acting type called MS Contin which is intended to be taken by mouth. If it is crushed and swallowed or injected it is no longer long acting and can cause fatal overdose. 6. Opioids were developed to get longer acting drugs. Usually they are produced in forms that can be taken by mouth or injected. 7. OxyContin is the long acting version of oxycodone that is intended to be taken by mouth. It is a good drug for people with chronic pain such as cancer but it also can be abused. If it is bitten or crushed and swallowed it is no longer long acting and is rapidly absorbed. When this happens it causes an overdose. Some crush it, dissolve it in saline and inject it. This is even more likely to cause an overdose. It can be fatal. 8. Oxycodone (Percocet and Percodan) and hydrocodone (Vicodan) are short acting pain killers that are combined with acetaminophen or aspirin. They are less likely to be abused but it does happen. 9. Methadone is a long acting opioid used widely for the treatment of heroin addiction. Given once daily it does not produce a “high” but prevents withdrawal. It is also used medically for chronic pain. 10. People who experiment with opioids may start with oral use, snorting, sniffing, etc., but often progress to intravenous (IV) use because it is stronger. When the veins are damaged and can no longer be used, hypodermic injections are the logical substitute. This is called “skin popping” or “muscling” among other terms. 11. IV or skin popping often leads to severe abscesses, heart infections, hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C or HIV/AIDS because most street drugs are not clean. 12. When addiction occurs, the victim must spend most of the time trying to make sure they get the next dose or “fix” in order to get the desired “high” and avoid withdrawal. 13. Withdrawal is miserable, often compared to “the super flu” but it is not life threatening. It lasts from three to 10 days. 14. Overdoses are common and life threatening. They occur because the addict does not know what strength they have bought or because they have developed tolerance and want a better “high”. 15. If the addict is very sleepy and has constricted pupils, they need medical attention to prevent death from overdose. Also, if there are other medical problems the user may need medical care during withdrawal.
Short-term and Long-term Effects of Opiates Opiates can cause serious health complications, such as fatal overdose, spontaneous abortion, and infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis, particularly in users who inject opiates. Opiates have short-term effects that appear quite soon after a dose and last a few hours. After injection of opiates, the user typically reports feeling a rush of euphoria, an increase in body temperature, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in their limbs. The user then spends the next few hours alternating from a wakeful to a drowsy state until the drug wears off. Regular use of opiates leads to a buildup of a user's tolerance. This means that the user must increase their subsequent dose of opiates to achieve the same effect as before. As the user increases their dose over time, they develop physical dependency and addiction. Their body has acclimated to the drug use, and has grown to depend on the presence of drugs in order to function properly. If the user stops the drug flow, uncomfortable and even dangerous withdrawal symptoms may occur. Death from opiates usually occurs when a user who has been off opiates for some time resumes taking the same amount of drug that they are used to. Because the body's tolerance has decreased during this time off period, the resulting effect is a drug overdose. Opiates also have long-term effects that appear after repeated use over a long period of time. Longtime users ignore their health, as their thoughts are consumed with the drug. This self neglect can take the form of not eating and ignoring personal hygiene, which makes the user more susceptible to disease. Longtime users may develop collapsed veins, infections in their heart and valves, and liver disease. Because opiates depress respiration, pulmonary complications, such as pneumonia, may occur in longtime users due to respiratory depression and the poor health of the drug user.
Bibliography "Short-term and Long-term Effects of Opiate Addiction." Article Submission Service - Article Distribution With SubmitYOURArticle.com. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. . Facts About Opiate including heroin, morphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone and methadone." Texas Opiate Detoxification Specialists. Web. 23 Nov. 2009. . http://www.nationaltreatmentcenters.org/images/crisis_167588t.jpg http://www.drug-rehabs.org/drug-images/opiate-02.jpg
