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Transcendentalism: questioning of established cultural forms reintegrate spirit and matter turn ideas into concrete action
A Surge in Utopian Societies: Citizens were searching for 'rational cooperation' They were seekers of new paths to spiritual or religious fulfillment.
Spiritualism: based on the premise that man is a dual being; consisting of a physical and spiritual component.
Robert Owen- New Harmony
Francis Wright- Nashoba
Charles Fourier- 'Phalanxes'
Mother Ann Lee- Shakers
John Humphrey Noyes- Oneida
Perfectionism: Yankees crusaded to stamp out all 'sin', which included at various times private property ownership, alcohol, tobacco, marriage, the family, any form of entertainment, meat eating, and the Catholic church.
Failure: Various groups, struggling under the pressures of urbanization and industrialization, challenged the traditional norms and social conservatism of American society
Transcendentalist Influence: To escape the modern world, transcendentalists fled into model Utopian communities. Most of these communities failed by midcentury.
Strange Fashion: Dietary reforms including giving up meat, tea, coffee, and pastries. Women began to wear 'bloomers'. phrenology
