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CHARACTERISTICS found in animals eukaryotes unlike plant cells, can't make their own food. has to eat it uses its food (glucose) to create ATP to power reproduction and the basic functions of life. no cell wall which gives it a rounded shape each cell works together with all other cells in an organism. each cell performs 4 tasks many times a day
CHARACTERISTICS (continued) Gets nutrients from food, give them to other cells and gets rid of the waste Reproduces Multiple mitochondria Trillions of cells in humans Each type of animal cell also has its own specialized jobs Produce hydrogen peroxide
Animal cell organelles
Animal Cells Animal Cells
Cell Membrane- The outermost layer of the cell. It lets in nutrients and lets out waste. Nucleus- The organelle where the DNA is stored. It is near to or in the center of the cell. The DNA tells the cell what to do and gives each cell its unique characteristics. the nucleus acts like the "brain" of the cell. It is surrounded by a double membrane and communicates with the surrounding cytosol by lots of nuclear pores. Another part of the nucleus is a combination of DNA and surrounding protein called chromatin. The chromatin merges into chromosomes when a cell splits.
Nucleolus- The organelle where the DNA is stored. It is near to or in the center of the cell. The DNA tells the cell what to do and gives each cell its unique characteristics. the nucleus acts like the "brain" of the cell. It is surrounded by a double membrane and communicates with the surrounding cytosol by lots of nuclear pores. Another part of the nucleus is a combination of DNA and surrounding protein called chromatin. The chromatin merges into chromosomes when a cell splits.
Cytosol- A jelly-like layer under the cell membrane and outside the nucleus where the nutrients are used. All other organelles are inside it. It also is responsible for moving nutrients around the cell. Mitochondria- Rod-shaped organelles that carries out respiration to give the cell usable energy (ATP).
Ribosomes- Packets of RNA and protein made up of 2 parts; the small and large subunits. They are found along the rough ER and in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis which happens when messenger RNA from the nucleus is moved routinely across the ribosome. Transfer RNA adds more individual amino acid molecules to the growing protein chain as it moves across. Lysosomes- Organelles that look like vacuoles. They are filled with enzymes that help digest waste like non-functioning cell parts and things from outside the cell such as bacteria in white blood cells. They are created in the golgi complex.
Golgi Apparatus- An organelle found near the nucleus made up of a stack of vesicles bound together by a single membrane. Its purpose is to package and transport macromolecules elsewhere in the cell or outside the cell. It has an inner layer of membrane-bound vesicles/smaller organelles (sometimes called golgi bodies) that package macromolecules of protein. This layer is surrounded by lots more smaller membrane-bound vesicles containing those packaged macromolecules or protein and enzymatic or hormonal contents of lysosomes, peroxisomes and secretory vesicles (which are packaged in membrane-bound vesicles, the same as the protein macromolecules, at the rim of the golgi apparatus).
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- An organelle that is part of the ER that appears smooth because it has no ribosomes. It is located right above the rough ER. It has different functions in each type of animal cell. It is generally concerned with starting off and carrying out some sort of catabolic or anabolic reaction. These functions include steriod hormone and lipid synthesis in some types of animal cells, breaking down lipid-soluble toxins in liver cells and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)- An organelle that is part of an animal cell's ER that surrounds the nucleus. It is covered in ribosomes and the proteins synthesized in them collect in the rough ER and are transported throughout the cell.
Vacuole- A membrane-bound sac that stores materials until they are needed. The vacuole in animal cells is much smaller than the vacuole in plant cells.
Cytoskeleton- A organized network consisting of actin filaments (microfilaments), microtubules and intermediate fibers. Its main job is the movement of cell organelles inside the cell and moving the cell around as well as the contraction of muscle fibers in the types of cells that run the muscular system. Its other job is helping to maintain cell shape.
Centrosome- An organelle made up of two smaller organelles called centrioles that is the site of microtubule production. It plays an important role in mitosis (when a cell splits). During mitosis, the centrioles make new copies of themselves and the centrosome divides. The result is two centrosomes, both with two centrioles. The pair of centrosomes move to opposite ends of the nucleus. Microtubules grow into a "spindle" which separates replicated chromosomes into the two daughter cells.
Secretory Vesicles- Vesicles that release cell secretions, which are waste products that do jobs outside the cell that are released by cells in certain situations, like hormones or neurotransmitters, from the cell. The cell secretions are packaged in the secretory vesicles at the golgi apparatus before they are transported to the cell surface to be released.
Peroxisomes- Organelles that protect the cell from toxic hydrogen peroxide by using the oxidative enzymes inside them to break it down into water and oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is produced by animal cells for various reasons. For example, white blood cells produce hydrogen peroxide to kill bacteria.
