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Section 1
Section 2
Section 4
Section 3
Fertilization produces a new cell, which develops into a tiny embryo encased within a seed
True-breeding means that if the plants were allowed to self-pollinate, they would produce offspring identical to themselves
A trait is a specific characteristic, such as seed color or plant height, that varies from one individual to another.
During gamete formation, alleles segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only a single copy of each gene.
The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits are called hybrids
The principles of probability can be used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses.
Punnett squares can be used to predict and compare the genetic variations that will result from a cross.
Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait—TT or tt in this example—are said to be homozygous Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait are heterozygous.
Two plants may have the same phenotype, or physical characteristics, but may have a different genotype, or genetic make-up.
When Mendel crossed plants that were heterozygous dominant for round yellow peas, he found that the alleles segregated independently to produce the F2 generation.
The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units known as genes. Genes are passed from parents to their offspring. In cases in which two or more forms (alleles) of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be recessive. In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has two copies of each gene—one from each parent. These genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed. The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another.
Meiosis is a process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
In prophase of meiosis I each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a structure called a tetrad.
During metaphase II of meiosis, chromosomes line up in the center of each cell. In anaphase II, the paired chromatids separate. In this example, each of the four daughter cells produced in meiosis II receives 2 chromatids
