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I am Christiaan Huygen,, I am Dutch, I came up with Huygens’s principle 1690 http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/scitech/HSchrist.jpg
1801 – Thomas Young, English - did the double slit experiment which said that light was a wave. http://www.eemaata.com/images/nov2007/rosetta/Thomas_Young.jpg
1869 – Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian - developed the periodic table of elements, 63 elements, arranged by atomic mass and chemical properties. Helped predict existence of previously unknown elements http://users.forthnet.gr/kar/kemich/PORTRAITS/mendeleev.gif
1864, James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish - unifies electricity and magnetism in four equations: Positive or negative charges can exist by themselves; there is an electric field emanating from any charge. (Gauss’s Law for electric charge) Magnetic poles only come in pairs; cannot have a north pole or a south pole by itself. Magnetic field lines only come in loops. http://w3.ufsm.br/petfisica/extras/cien/maxwell11.gif
1900 – Max Planck, German- E=hf. E-energy, h- Planck’s constant, f=frequency, solves black-body radiation problem; light comes in packets later called photons. http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/physics/high_schools/2005/Photoelectric_effect/Planck.jpg
1908 – Ernest Rutherford, English- discovered the nucleus of an atom by conducting the gold foil experiment: sends alpha particles through gold foil, some pass through but some bounce back. Realizes that positive matter is all concentrated in the center, calls it the nucleus. Planetary model of atom, nucleus in middle, electrons orbiting. Atoms mostly empty space. http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/images/portret/ernest_rutherford2.jpg
1913 – Niels Bohr, Danish - figured out that the electrons orbit at very specific distances from the atom. Created the Bohr model of the atom which explains the model of the Balmer series. Quantum leap: electron changing position from one radius to another without going through then interim space. Bohr model mix of classical and quantum physics, stepping stone to big breakthroughs to come. http://www.unipa.it/paolo.monella/labinformatica/2008_2009_2sem/immagini/niels_bohr.jpg
1923 – Louis De Broglie, French - electrons are oscillating, standing waves which have specific energy levels, explaining Bohr’s model, why light is emitted only at specific frequencies which correspond to the electron changing energy levels http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/broglie.jpg
1926 – Werner Heisenberg, German – Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. The more you try to measure the momentum of a particle the less you will know about the distance and vice versa. http://www.ph.surrey.ac.uk/astrophysics/files/Werner.jpg
1926 – Erwin Schrdinger, Austrian – Schrodinger’s wave equation. Describes matter as waves. http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/feature_2/Noble_Forum_2008/Nobel_History/Nobel_Prize_Physics/W020081103562217084720.jpg
1932 – James Chadwick, English - discovers neutron, same mass as proton, neutral charge http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick.jpg
1897 – J.J.Thompson- discovered the electron; modified model of atom to plum pudding model (like a watermelon, positive matter spread out, electrons as small particles, represented by the plums or the seeds) http://www.studentsoftheworld.info/sites/science/img/16455_jj%20thompson.jpg
1803 – John Dalton, English - Dalton came up with Atomic Model of Matter. http://www.learner.org/courses/essential/physicalsci/images/s4.dalton.jpg
Brownian motion Brownian motion (named after the Scottish botanist Robert Brown) is the seemingly random movement of particles suspended in a fluid (i.e. a liquid or gas) or the mathematical model used to describe such random movements, often called a particle theory. http://www.inventioneeringco.com/commentary-files/brownian_motion_thumb.jpg
Double-slit experiment The double-slit experiment in quantum mechanics is an experiment that demonstrates the inseparability of the wave and particle natures of light and other quantum particles. A coherent light source illuminates a thin plate with two parallel slits cut in it, and the light passing through the slits strikes a screen behind them. The wave nature of light causes the light waves passing through both slits to interfere, creating an interference pattern of bright and dark bands on the screen. However, at the screen, the light is always found to be absorbed as discrete particles, called photons. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/interference/doubleslit/doubleslitjavafigure1.jpg
Photon In physics, a photon is an elementary particle, the quantum of the electromagnetic field and the basic "unit" of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. It is also the force carrier for the electromagnetic force. The effects of this force are easily observable at both the microscopic and macroscopic level, because the photon has no rest mass; this allow for interactions at long distances. Like all elementary particles, photons are governed by quantum mechanics and will exhibit wave-particle duality – it exhibits properties from both waves and particles. For example, a single photon may be refracted by a lens or exhibit wave interference, but also act as a particle giving a definite result when its location is measured. http://www.librarising.com/cosmology/images/photon.jpg
Quantum In physics, a quantum (plural: quanta) is an indivisible entity of a quantity that has the same units as the Planck constant and is related to both energy and momentum of elementary particles of matter (called fermions) and of photons and other bosons. The word comes from the Latin "quantus", for "how much." Behind this, one finds the fundamental notion that a physical property may be "quantized", referred to as "quantization". This means that the magnitude can take on only certain discrete numerical values, rather than any value, at least within a range. There is a related term of quantum number. http://www.cod.edu/people/faculty/bradley/index_files/quantum-image%5B1%5D.jpg
